Rimworld Plasma Fusion Reactor
2021年9月9日Download here: http://gg.gg/vxxbi
Update: As has been pointed out by several, this is a patent application, not a patent itself. ExtremeTech apologizes for this error. This does, however, seem to answer several of the issues surrounding the vagueness of the patent.
*Called the ST40, the reactor was constructed by Tokamak Energy, one of the leading private fusion energy companies in the world. The company was founded in 2009 with the express purpose of.
*V0.7 Description: Ever since I saw the description of the Power Armor mention ’Glitterworld’ planets, I have been intrigued by the idea of distant advanced planets, and the technology that must abound there. My ideas for this mod include adding a selection.
Fusion power has been the Holy Grail of clean energy for decades. Now the US Navy has secured a patent on a compact fusion reactor design that would revolutionize the world — if it works. The entire situation is something of a muddle, even by the standards of the US Trade and Patent Office, which is really saying something.
Let’s start at the beginning. Fusion could provide enormous amounts of energy with none of the waste problems associated with fission-based nuclear power production. Because deuterium can be extracted from seawater, there’s enough existent material on Earth to meet our planetary energy needs for millions of years, vastly outstripping the recoverable reserves of any other fossil fuel. Deployed in space, fusion rockets would vastly accelerate space travel. One 1998 paper estimated a round trip time from Earth to Mars of just 130 days. At present, it takes 150-300 days to reach Mars from Earth depending on the relative position of the two planets.
Fusion is incredibly efficient, incredibly powerful, and currently completely unavailable outside of nuclear weapons or the Sun. Scientists have not discovered how to break even on energy production. To date, the energy required to maintain a fusion reaction has been higher than the energy we can extract from the process. Any discovery that moves us forward towards achievable, cost-effective fusion power is a critical one, whether your interests are in reducing CO2 emissions, exploring space, or providing reliable baseline power that’s immune to meltdown and runaway reactions.
Here’s the tokamak at the JET fusion lab in the UK, a smaller version of the tokamak that will eventually be installed at ITER.
At present there are two types of fusion reactors, the tokamak and the stellarator. Both use similar principles to harness the plasma with magnets in a doughnut-shaped reactor. Rimworld Plasma Fusion Reactor For your search term default dance earrape mp3, we are showing you the most relevant 10 results. Due to api limitation, we cannot show more than 10 results.
The patent granted to the Navy is for a “plasma compression fusion” device, but the document is rather vague on how these gains are achieved. Phrases like “It is a feature of the present invention to provide a plasma compression fusion device that generates energy gain by plasma compression-induced nuclear fusion,” are nearly tautological in their construction. Elsewhere, the document claims: “It is a feature of the present invention to provide a plasma compression fusion device that can produce power in the gigawatt to terawatt range (and higher), with input power in the kilowatt to megawatt range.”
Remember what we said about the difficulty of getting to net-positive power? This patent is basically claiming it can sidestep all such problems. That’s another part of why I’m fundamentally uncertain what to think here; the author is claiming his invention can yield gigawatt-level energy from kilowatt input, or terawatt output with megawatt input. It would be a momentous achievement for us to get megawatt-level output from a smaller number of megawatts of input at this point. Granted, patents are allowed to look forward towards what they expect will be achievable in the future, but again, it’s not clear where these improvements are coming from.
This clears everything up.
Supposedly the reactor is also capable of fusion ignition, a self-sustaining reaction in which the energy produced by the reactor is high enough to heat the fuel mass quicker than various loss mechanisms can cool it. Ignition is an even more advanced goal than achieving a break-even point, because break-even explicitly ignores energy lost to the reactor’s surroundings. Ignition does not, and is therefore required any practical commercial reactor. But again, claiming to have solved the ignition problem before we’ve even managed to break even on net power production is a huge claim to make.
Furthermore, as The Drive has detailed in an extensive report, the author behind this patent, Salvatore Cezare Pais, has a history of filing very strange patents. Pais works as an aerospace engineer at the Navy’s top aircraft test base. One of his previous patents describes a “hybrid aerospace-underwater craft.” The craft is supposedly capable of creating a “quantum vacuum” around itself, allowing it to repel air and water molecules with which it comes in contact, and allowing for incredible speed and maneuverability. As The Drive summarized in that instance:
[I]f you can a) create a room temperature superconductor capable of storing an incredibly high amount of energy and b) get the energy field created by that superconductor moving at incredibly high speeds around or within the craft, you can create a polarized energy vacuum around it which allows it to basically ignore the energy of the air or water around it, thereby removing its own inertia and mass from the equation.Rimworld Plasma Fusion Reactor Designs
But Pais isn’t just a crackpot with a Gmail account. When the USTPO pushed back on awarding him a patent related to this supposed discovery, the CTO of the US Naval Aviation Enterprise, Dr. James Sheehy, wrote to the patent office to vouch for its legitimacy. The relationship between this event and the Navy’s willingness to confirm the legitimacy of UFO videos released last month is a subject of ongoing speculation.
The Drive notes that every physicist it has spoken to about Pais’ patents, including this one, “thinks all of these patents are beyond the realm of known physics and are almost laughable in terms of viability.” The Navy has been categorically unwilling to discuss why it thinks otherwise. The end result of all this is that the Navy now has a patent on a type of compact nuclear reactor that could solve just about every energy problem facing the human race today, but has revealed nothing about whether we’re any closer to building the kind of device it supposedly patented.
Clear as mud.
Now Read:Fusion reactor
*Principles of magnetic confinement
*Development of fusion reactor technologyConfinement physics
Magnetic confinement of plasmas is the most highly developed approach to controlled fusion. A large part of the problem of fusion has been the attainment of magnetic field configurations that effectively confine the plasma. A successful configuration must meet three criteria: (1) the plasma must be in a time-independent equilibrium state, (2) the equilibrium must be macroscopically stable, and (3) the leakage of plasma energy to the bounding wall must be small.
Charged particles tend to spiral about a magnetic line of force. It is necessary that these particle trajectories do not intersect the bounding wall. Simultaneously, the thermal energy of all the particles exerts an expansive pressure force on the plasma. For the plasma to be in equilibrium, the magnetic force acting on the electric current within the plasma must balance the pressure force at every point in the plasma.
This equilibrium must be stable, which is to say that the plasma will return to its original state following any small perturbation, such as continual random thermal “noise” fluctuations. In contrast, an unstable plasma would likely depart from its equilibrium state and rapidly (perhaps in less than one-thousandth of a second) escape the confining magnetic field following any small perturbation.
A plasma in stable equilibrium can be maintained indefinitely if the leakage of energy from the plasma is balanced by energy input. If the plasma energy loss is too large, then ignition cannot be achieved. An unavoidable diffusion of energy across the magnetic field lines will occur from the collisions between the particles. The net effect is to transport energy from the hot core to the wall. In theory, this transport process, known as classical diffusion, is not strong in hot fusion plasmas and can be compensated by heat from the alpha particle fusion products. In experiments, however, energy is lost from the plasma at 10 to 100 times that expected from classical diffusion theory. Solution of the anomalous transport problem involves research into fundamental topics in plasma physics, such as plasma turbulence.
Many different types of magnetic configurations for plasma confinement have been devised and tested over the years. These may be grouped into two classes: closed, toroidal configurations and open, linear configurations. Toroidal devices are the most highly developed. In a simple straight magnetic field, the plasma would be free to stream out the ends. End loss can be eliminated by forming the plasma and field in the closed shape of a doughnut, or torus, or, in an approach called mirror confinement, by “plugging” the ends of such a device magnetically and electrostatically.Rimworld Plasma Fusion Reactor 2Toroidal confinement
The most extensively investigated toroidal confinement concept is the tokamak. The tokamak (an acronym derived from the Russian words for “toroidal magnetic confinement”) was introduced in the mid-1960s by Soviet plasma physicists. The magnetic lines of force are helixes that spiral around the torus. The helical magnetic field has two components: (1) a toroidal component, which points the long way around the torus, and (2) a poloidal component directed the short way around the machine. Both components are necessary for the plasma to be in stable equilibrium. If the poloidal field were zero, so that the field lines were simply circles wrapped about the torus, then the plasma would not be in equilibrium. The particles would not strictly follow the field lines but would drift to the walls. The addition of the poloidal field provides particle orbits that are contained within the device. If the toroidal field were zero, so that the magnetic field lines were directed only the short way around the torus, the plasma would be in equilibrium, but it would be unstable. The plasma column would develop growing distortions, or kinks, which would carry the plasma into the wall.Rimworld Plasma Fusion Reactor Output
The toroidal field is produced by coils that surround the toroidal vacuum chamber containing the plasma. (The plasma must be situated within an evacuated chamber to prevent it from being cooled by interactions with air molecules.) In order to minimize power losses in the coils, designs involving superconducting coils have begun to replace copper coils. The plasma in a tokamak fusion reactor would have a major diameter in the range of 10 metres (33 feet) and a minor diameter of roughly 2 to 3 metres. The plasma current would likely be on the order of tens of millions of amperes, and the flex density of the toroidal magnetic field would measure several teslas. In order to help guide research and development, scientists frequently perform conceptual designs of fusion reactors. One such concept is shown in the figure. This device in theory would generate 1 gigawatt (1 billion watts) of electric power—sufficient to meet the electricity needs of a large city.Rimworld Plasma Fusion Reactor Review
The poloidal field is generated by a toroidal electric current that is forced to flow within the conducting plasma. Faraday’s law of induction can be used to initiate and build up the current. A solenoid located in the hole of the torus can be used to generate magnetic flux that increases over time. The time-varying flux induces a toroidal electric field that drives the plasma current. This technique efficiently drives a pulsed plasma current. However, it cannot be used for a steady-state current, which would require a magnetic flux increasing indefinitely over time. Unfortunately, a pulsed reactor would suffer from many engineering problems, such as materials fatigue, and thus other methods have been developed to drive a steady-state current to produce the poloidal magnetic field.
A technique known as radio-frequency (RF) current drive employs electromagnetic radiation to generate a steady-state current. Electromagnetic waves are injected into the plasma so that they propagate within the plasma in one direction around the torus. The speed of the waves is chosen to equal roughly the average speed of the electrons in the plasma. The wave electric field (which in a plasma has a component along its direction of travel) can then continuously accelerate the electrons as the wave and particles move together around the torus. The electrons develop a net motion, or current, in one direction.
Another established current-drive technique is neutral-beam current drive. A beam of high-energy neutral atoms is injected into the plasma along the toroidal direction. The neutral beam will freely enter the plasma since it is unaffected by the magnetic field. The neutral atoms become ionized by collisions with the electrons. The beam then consists of energetic positively charged nuclei that are confined within the plasma by the magnetic field. The high-speed ions travel toroidally along the magnetic field and collide with the electrons, pushing them in one direction and thereby producing a current.
Both RF and neutral-beam current-drive techniques have a low efficiency (i.e., they require a large amount of power to drive the plasma current). Fortunately, a remarkable effect occurs in tokamak plasmas that reduces the need for external current drive. If the plasma pressure is greater in the core than at the edge, this pressure differential spontaneously drives a toroidal current in the plasma. This current is called the bootstrap current. It can be considered a type of thermoelectric effect, but its origin is in the complex particle dynamics that arise in a toroidal plasma. It has been observed in experiments and is now included routinely in advanced experiments and in tokamak reactor designs.
Other toroidal confinement concepts that offer potential advantages over the tokamak are being developed. Three such alternatives are the stellarator, reversed-field pinch (RFP), and compact torus concepts. The stellarator and RFP are much like the tokamak. Firefox quantum for mac download. In the stellarator the magnetic field is produced by external coils only. Thus, the plasma current is essentially zero, and the problems inherent in sustaining a large plasma current are absent. The RFP differs from the tokamak in that it operates with a weak toroidal magnetic field. This results in a compact, high-power-density reactor with copper (instead of superconducting) coils. Compact tori are toroidal plasmas with no hole in the centre of the torus. Mac os x 12 download. Reactors based on compact tori are small and avoid the engineering complications of coils linking the plasma torus.
Download here: http://gg.gg/vxxbi
https://diarynote.indered.space
Update: As has been pointed out by several, this is a patent application, not a patent itself. ExtremeTech apologizes for this error. This does, however, seem to answer several of the issues surrounding the vagueness of the patent.
*Called the ST40, the reactor was constructed by Tokamak Energy, one of the leading private fusion energy companies in the world. The company was founded in 2009 with the express purpose of.
*V0.7 Description: Ever since I saw the description of the Power Armor mention ’Glitterworld’ planets, I have been intrigued by the idea of distant advanced planets, and the technology that must abound there. My ideas for this mod include adding a selection.
Fusion power has been the Holy Grail of clean energy for decades. Now the US Navy has secured a patent on a compact fusion reactor design that would revolutionize the world — if it works. The entire situation is something of a muddle, even by the standards of the US Trade and Patent Office, which is really saying something.
Let’s start at the beginning. Fusion could provide enormous amounts of energy with none of the waste problems associated with fission-based nuclear power production. Because deuterium can be extracted from seawater, there’s enough existent material on Earth to meet our planetary energy needs for millions of years, vastly outstripping the recoverable reserves of any other fossil fuel. Deployed in space, fusion rockets would vastly accelerate space travel. One 1998 paper estimated a round trip time from Earth to Mars of just 130 days. At present, it takes 150-300 days to reach Mars from Earth depending on the relative position of the two planets.
Fusion is incredibly efficient, incredibly powerful, and currently completely unavailable outside of nuclear weapons or the Sun. Scientists have not discovered how to break even on energy production. To date, the energy required to maintain a fusion reaction has been higher than the energy we can extract from the process. Any discovery that moves us forward towards achievable, cost-effective fusion power is a critical one, whether your interests are in reducing CO2 emissions, exploring space, or providing reliable baseline power that’s immune to meltdown and runaway reactions.
Here’s the tokamak at the JET fusion lab in the UK, a smaller version of the tokamak that will eventually be installed at ITER.
At present there are two types of fusion reactors, the tokamak and the stellarator. Both use similar principles to harness the plasma with magnets in a doughnut-shaped reactor. Rimworld Plasma Fusion Reactor For your search term default dance earrape mp3, we are showing you the most relevant 10 results. Due to api limitation, we cannot show more than 10 results.
The patent granted to the Navy is for a “plasma compression fusion” device, but the document is rather vague on how these gains are achieved. Phrases like “It is a feature of the present invention to provide a plasma compression fusion device that generates energy gain by plasma compression-induced nuclear fusion,” are nearly tautological in their construction. Elsewhere, the document claims: “It is a feature of the present invention to provide a plasma compression fusion device that can produce power in the gigawatt to terawatt range (and higher), with input power in the kilowatt to megawatt range.”
Remember what we said about the difficulty of getting to net-positive power? This patent is basically claiming it can sidestep all such problems. That’s another part of why I’m fundamentally uncertain what to think here; the author is claiming his invention can yield gigawatt-level energy from kilowatt input, or terawatt output with megawatt input. It would be a momentous achievement for us to get megawatt-level output from a smaller number of megawatts of input at this point. Granted, patents are allowed to look forward towards what they expect will be achievable in the future, but again, it’s not clear where these improvements are coming from.
This clears everything up.
Supposedly the reactor is also capable of fusion ignition, a self-sustaining reaction in which the energy produced by the reactor is high enough to heat the fuel mass quicker than various loss mechanisms can cool it. Ignition is an even more advanced goal than achieving a break-even point, because break-even explicitly ignores energy lost to the reactor’s surroundings. Ignition does not, and is therefore required any practical commercial reactor. But again, claiming to have solved the ignition problem before we’ve even managed to break even on net power production is a huge claim to make.
Furthermore, as The Drive has detailed in an extensive report, the author behind this patent, Salvatore Cezare Pais, has a history of filing very strange patents. Pais works as an aerospace engineer at the Navy’s top aircraft test base. One of his previous patents describes a “hybrid aerospace-underwater craft.” The craft is supposedly capable of creating a “quantum vacuum” around itself, allowing it to repel air and water molecules with which it comes in contact, and allowing for incredible speed and maneuverability. As The Drive summarized in that instance:
[I]f you can a) create a room temperature superconductor capable of storing an incredibly high amount of energy and b) get the energy field created by that superconductor moving at incredibly high speeds around or within the craft, you can create a polarized energy vacuum around it which allows it to basically ignore the energy of the air or water around it, thereby removing its own inertia and mass from the equation.Rimworld Plasma Fusion Reactor Designs
But Pais isn’t just a crackpot with a Gmail account. When the USTPO pushed back on awarding him a patent related to this supposed discovery, the CTO of the US Naval Aviation Enterprise, Dr. James Sheehy, wrote to the patent office to vouch for its legitimacy. The relationship between this event and the Navy’s willingness to confirm the legitimacy of UFO videos released last month is a subject of ongoing speculation.
The Drive notes that every physicist it has spoken to about Pais’ patents, including this one, “thinks all of these patents are beyond the realm of known physics and are almost laughable in terms of viability.” The Navy has been categorically unwilling to discuss why it thinks otherwise. The end result of all this is that the Navy now has a patent on a type of compact nuclear reactor that could solve just about every energy problem facing the human race today, but has revealed nothing about whether we’re any closer to building the kind of device it supposedly patented.
Clear as mud.
Now Read:Fusion reactor
*Principles of magnetic confinement
*Development of fusion reactor technologyConfinement physics
Magnetic confinement of plasmas is the most highly developed approach to controlled fusion. A large part of the problem of fusion has been the attainment of magnetic field configurations that effectively confine the plasma. A successful configuration must meet three criteria: (1) the plasma must be in a time-independent equilibrium state, (2) the equilibrium must be macroscopically stable, and (3) the leakage of plasma energy to the bounding wall must be small.
Charged particles tend to spiral about a magnetic line of force. It is necessary that these particle trajectories do not intersect the bounding wall. Simultaneously, the thermal energy of all the particles exerts an expansive pressure force on the plasma. For the plasma to be in equilibrium, the magnetic force acting on the electric current within the plasma must balance the pressure force at every point in the plasma.
This equilibrium must be stable, which is to say that the plasma will return to its original state following any small perturbation, such as continual random thermal “noise” fluctuations. In contrast, an unstable plasma would likely depart from its equilibrium state and rapidly (perhaps in less than one-thousandth of a second) escape the confining magnetic field following any small perturbation.
A plasma in stable equilibrium can be maintained indefinitely if the leakage of energy from the plasma is balanced by energy input. If the plasma energy loss is too large, then ignition cannot be achieved. An unavoidable diffusion of energy across the magnetic field lines will occur from the collisions between the particles. The net effect is to transport energy from the hot core to the wall. In theory, this transport process, known as classical diffusion, is not strong in hot fusion plasmas and can be compensated by heat from the alpha particle fusion products. In experiments, however, energy is lost from the plasma at 10 to 100 times that expected from classical diffusion theory. Solution of the anomalous transport problem involves research into fundamental topics in plasma physics, such as plasma turbulence.
Many different types of magnetic configurations for plasma confinement have been devised and tested over the years. These may be grouped into two classes: closed, toroidal configurations and open, linear configurations. Toroidal devices are the most highly developed. In a simple straight magnetic field, the plasma would be free to stream out the ends. End loss can be eliminated by forming the plasma and field in the closed shape of a doughnut, or torus, or, in an approach called mirror confinement, by “plugging” the ends of such a device magnetically and electrostatically.Rimworld Plasma Fusion Reactor 2Toroidal confinement
The most extensively investigated toroidal confinement concept is the tokamak. The tokamak (an acronym derived from the Russian words for “toroidal magnetic confinement”) was introduced in the mid-1960s by Soviet plasma physicists. The magnetic lines of force are helixes that spiral around the torus. The helical magnetic field has two components: (1) a toroidal component, which points the long way around the torus, and (2) a poloidal component directed the short way around the machine. Both components are necessary for the plasma to be in stable equilibrium. If the poloidal field were zero, so that the field lines were simply circles wrapped about the torus, then the plasma would not be in equilibrium. The particles would not strictly follow the field lines but would drift to the walls. The addition of the poloidal field provides particle orbits that are contained within the device. If the toroidal field were zero, so that the magnetic field lines were directed only the short way around the torus, the plasma would be in equilibrium, but it would be unstable. The plasma column would develop growing distortions, or kinks, which would carry the plasma into the wall.Rimworld Plasma Fusion Reactor Output
The toroidal field is produced by coils that surround the toroidal vacuum chamber containing the plasma. (The plasma must be situated within an evacuated chamber to prevent it from being cooled by interactions with air molecules.) In order to minimize power losses in the coils, designs involving superconducting coils have begun to replace copper coils. The plasma in a tokamak fusion reactor would have a major diameter in the range of 10 metres (33 feet) and a minor diameter of roughly 2 to 3 metres. The plasma current would likely be on the order of tens of millions of amperes, and the flex density of the toroidal magnetic field would measure several teslas. In order to help guide research and development, scientists frequently perform conceptual designs of fusion reactors. One such concept is shown in the figure. This device in theory would generate 1 gigawatt (1 billion watts) of electric power—sufficient to meet the electricity needs of a large city.Rimworld Plasma Fusion Reactor Review
The poloidal field is generated by a toroidal electric current that is forced to flow within the conducting plasma. Faraday’s law of induction can be used to initiate and build up the current. A solenoid located in the hole of the torus can be used to generate magnetic flux that increases over time. The time-varying flux induces a toroidal electric field that drives the plasma current. This technique efficiently drives a pulsed plasma current. However, it cannot be used for a steady-state current, which would require a magnetic flux increasing indefinitely over time. Unfortunately, a pulsed reactor would suffer from many engineering problems, such as materials fatigue, and thus other methods have been developed to drive a steady-state current to produce the poloidal magnetic field.
A technique known as radio-frequency (RF) current drive employs electromagnetic radiation to generate a steady-state current. Electromagnetic waves are injected into the plasma so that they propagate within the plasma in one direction around the torus. The speed of the waves is chosen to equal roughly the average speed of the electrons in the plasma. The wave electric field (which in a plasma has a component along its direction of travel) can then continuously accelerate the electrons as the wave and particles move together around the torus. The electrons develop a net motion, or current, in one direction.
Another established current-drive technique is neutral-beam current drive. A beam of high-energy neutral atoms is injected into the plasma along the toroidal direction. The neutral beam will freely enter the plasma since it is unaffected by the magnetic field. The neutral atoms become ionized by collisions with the electrons. The beam then consists of energetic positively charged nuclei that are confined within the plasma by the magnetic field. The high-speed ions travel toroidally along the magnetic field and collide with the electrons, pushing them in one direction and thereby producing a current.
Both RF and neutral-beam current-drive techniques have a low efficiency (i.e., they require a large amount of power to drive the plasma current). Fortunately, a remarkable effect occurs in tokamak plasmas that reduces the need for external current drive. If the plasma pressure is greater in the core than at the edge, this pressure differential spontaneously drives a toroidal current in the plasma. This current is called the bootstrap current. It can be considered a type of thermoelectric effect, but its origin is in the complex particle dynamics that arise in a toroidal plasma. It has been observed in experiments and is now included routinely in advanced experiments and in tokamak reactor designs.
Other toroidal confinement concepts that offer potential advantages over the tokamak are being developed. Three such alternatives are the stellarator, reversed-field pinch (RFP), and compact torus concepts. The stellarator and RFP are much like the tokamak. Firefox quantum for mac download. In the stellarator the magnetic field is produced by external coils only. Thus, the plasma current is essentially zero, and the problems inherent in sustaining a large plasma current are absent. The RFP differs from the tokamak in that it operates with a weak toroidal magnetic field. This results in a compact, high-power-density reactor with copper (instead of superconducting) coils. Compact tori are toroidal plasmas with no hole in the centre of the torus. Mac os x 12 download. Reactors based on compact tori are small and avoid the engineering complications of coils linking the plasma torus.
Download here: http://gg.gg/vxxbi
https://diarynote.indered.space
コメント